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Skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue, capable of pronounced metabolic and morphological adaptations in response to contractile activity (i.e. exercise). Repeated sessions of endurance exercise induce marked metabolic and structural adaptations within the skeletal muscle, one of the most striking being the pronounced increase in mitochondrial mass.

The magnitude of this change, or response to training, is dependent on the nature of the training programme. In order to increase the muscle oxidative capacities, continuous (CT) and interval training (IT) are both established exercise modalities used in the preparation of elite athletes as well as in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic diseases.

There is considerable debate as to which training program (CT vs. IT) will have a greater effect on aerobic performance and there are relatively few studies which have directly compared skeletal muscle metabolic adaptations to interval and continuous training.

Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process that involved the expression of a large number of genes encoded by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genome, and the molecular events coordinating these expressions within-cell training adaptations remains to be clarified.